All devices launching with Android 10 and higher are required to use file-based encryption.
To use the AOSP implementation of FBE securely, a device needs to meet the following dependencies:
Kernel Support for Ext4 encryption or F2FS encryption.
Keymaster Support with HAL version 1.0 or higher. There is no support for Keymaster 0.3 as that does not provide the necessary capabilities or assure sufficient protection for encryption keys.
Keymaster/Keystore and Gatekeeper must be implemented in a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to provide protection for the DE keys so that an unauthorized OS (custom OS flashed onto the device) cannot simply request the DE keys.
Hardware Root of Trust and Verified Boot bound to the Keymaster initialization is required to ensure that DE keys are not accessible by an unauthorized operating system.
The only phone manufacture that does that is Google with pixel. Any other phone is for my knowledge either “weakly” encrypted or not at all.
Still your Mobile OS isnt just upgrading and encrypting your SD card and main drive. Thats the point.
https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/encryption/file-based?hl=en